Billing for Diagnostic Evaluations (CPT 90791): A Guide for Psychiatrists
The diagnostic evaluation is the cornerstone of effective psychiatric care. It’s the first step in understanding a new patient’s mental health landscape, and it’s also a critical part of the billing process. For psychiatrists, CPT code 90791 is the primary code used to report this service, but using it correctly is the only way to ensure reimbursement and avoid claim denials.
This guide explains what CPT 90791 covers, when to use it, the documentation insurers expect, and the billing pitfalls that can derail claims.
Table of Contents
What Is CPT 90791?
CPT 90791 is the code for a Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation. It represents a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment of a new patient’s mental health and is typically billed during the first session. The evaluation includes:
A complete psychiatric and medical history.
A thorough mental status examination (MSE).
A formal diagnosis using ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria.
Development of a preliminary treatment plan.
It’s important to note that CPT 90791 does not include medical services like prescribing medication. If the diagnostic evaluation involves medical decision-making, psychiatrists should instead use CPT 90792, which is reserved for physicians and other qualified medical professionals.
👉 As one billing expert often says: “Think of 90791 as the blueprint—before you start building, you need the plan.”
When to Use CPT 90791
Psychiatrists should use CPT 90791 in specific scenarios:
Initial Evaluation for a New Patient – The most common use. It establishes the diagnosis and treatment plan.
Reassessment After a Long Absence – If a patient returns after 6–12 months, payers may consider a new evaluation medically necessary.
New Episode of Care for an Established Patient – When a patient presents with a distinct new concern requiring a full reassessment.
Documentation Requirements for CPT 90791
Meticulous documentation is the strongest defense against claim denials. To justify billing CPT 90791, psychiatrists should include:
Presenting Problem & Chief Complaint: Why the patient is seeking help.
Comprehensive History: Psychiatric, medical, social, family, and substance use.
Mental Status Examination (MSE): Document appearance, speech, mood, affect, thought process, and cognition.
Diagnostic Impressions: Formal diagnosis with ICD-10 codes.
Initial Treatment Plan: Outline therapy frequency, interventions, and any referrals for medication.
Session Duration: While not time-based, evaluations typically last 16–90 minutes.
Insurers want documentation that connects the service directly to medical necessity.
Common Billing Pitfalls to Avoid
Even seasoned psychiatrists can run into billing trouble. Here are the most frequent errors:
Using 90791 for established patients – Unless it’s a new episode of care, follow-ups should not be billed under this code.
Billing 90791 and an E/M code on the same day – Insurers do not allow both by the same provider.
Submitting claims without a diagnosis – Every diagnostic evaluation must have an ICD-10 code attached.
Incomplete documentation – Missing history, MSE, or treatment plan often leads to denials.
As highlighted in our behavioral health best practices, strong documentation and coding discipline are the foundation of clean claims.
Why CPT 90791 Matters for Your Practice
Correct billing for diagnostic evaluations supports both patient care and revenue cycle health. When psychiatrists get 90791 right, claims are processed accurately, denials drop, and providers can focus on care instead of chasing unpaid bills.
For more strategies, see how providers are achieving transformational revenue cycle results through structured billing workflows, or explore our mental health billing services designed for psychiatrists.
Frequenty Asked Question on CPT 90791
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Confused about billing for diagnostic evaluations with CPT 90791? At MBW RCM, we help psychiatrists submit clean claims, reduce denials, and stay compliant with payer rules.👉 Request More Information by filling out the form below.
